/         'vti&y, 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


5> 


o  / 


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Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
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Aristography 


Dedication. 


I  dedicate  this  book  to  my  old  and  tried 
friend,  John  Collins,  of  Dayton,  Ohio,  in  ac- 
knowledgment of  his  many  good  qualities  and 
his  helpful  suggestions  during  the  production  of 

this  book. 

ISAAC  S.  DEMENT. 

Chicago,  August,  igoj. 


Aristography 


By 
Isaac  S.  Dement 

Author  of  Demerit's  Pitmanic  Shorthand, 
Demerit's  Dictators,  Etc. 


A  system  of  shorthand  writing  combining 
the  principles  of  straight  joinable  and 
insertable  vowel  strokes  and  curved  con- 
sonant strokes,  both  being  subject  to 
similar  general  rules  of  hooks  and  length. 


Second  Edition  -  Revised 


Chicago 

Dement  Publishing  Company 

1906 


Copyright  1905 
By  Dement  Publishing  Company 


►  *        e.    w  r  i 


UJ 


B 


-3X3  7  4 


Pref 


ace. 


Aristography  is  a  system  of  shorthand 
writing  in  which  the  vowels  play  as  im- 
portant a  part  as  do  the  consonants. 

It  should  not  be  confused  with  "joined 
vowel"  systems;  for,  while  the  vowel  signs 
are  joinable,  they  also  are  subject  to  all 
the  rules  of  cumulation  given  to  the  con- 
sonant signs,  with  a  few  rules  distinctly 
their  own  ;  that  is,  a  vowel  sign  may 
receive  hooks  and  may  be  shortened  or 
lengthened,  just  as  a  consonant  sign  may. 

In  joined  vowel  systems,  the  vowels 
have  no  greater  power  than  that  of  being 
joinable ;  words  containing  consonants 
cannot  be  completely  represented  in  such 
systems  by  the  vowel  signs  alone.  Where- 
as, in  Aristography,  a  majority  of  the  small 
and  many  large  words  in  the  English 
language  may  be  completely  represented 
by  the  vowel  signs  with  the  aid  only  of  the 
cumulation  principles. 


448362 


By  cumulation  is  meant  the  representing 
of  consonants  or  syllables  by  hooks  and 
variation  in  length. 

To  illustrate  the  vowel  power  of  Aristo- 
graphy,  below  is  given  a  list  of  words  all 
written  with  a  single  vowel  stroke  as  a 
base,  showing  how  the  cumulation  princi- 
ples are  applied  to  the  vowel  signs.  It 
should  be  observed  that  the  sounds  in  the 
words  in  this  list  are  all  present  in  the 
shorthand  outlines  for  them.  The  vowel 
sign  used  is  that  assigned  to  the  long 
sound  of  a,  as  in  lay. 

\     a  \   rain  \    lay 

\     ate  °S    rained  \    late 

V    aider  \   brain  \     later 

A     ray  <\    brained         \    lane 

<\    rate  \  rave  \    play 

\     raider  %  raved  ^    played 

\    pray  \  brave  \     plater 

A    braid  <V  braved  ^  plain 

\    braider         \)  ration  $    planed 

With  the  simple  addition  of  the  signs 
for  the  consonants  s  and  st,  the  list  is 
greatly  lengthened. 


\   say 
\^  sane 
o    saint 
$   saints 
\^  save 
^  saved 
\  stay 
^  state 
\  stain 
^  stained 
\  stave 
\,  staved 
\)  station 


So  stationed 

A  stray 

<\  straight 

\  straighter 

o  strain 

d  strains 

^  strained 

\  spray 

o  sprain 

°^  sprained 

o  rains 

a  brains- 

v>  rations 


A^  braves 
A    lace 
\^  laced 
\  lanes 
\  slay 
^  slate 
So  Plays 
\  placed 
\^  plains 
£  plaints 
V  slave 
\,  slaves 
\  slain 


The  above  lists  are  not  at  all  complete, 
it  being  possible  to  add  many  more  words 
to  them,  especially  plurals  and  derivatives; 
but  they  are  full  enough  to  prove  of  inter- 
est. And,  too,  some  hooks  that  are  ap- 
plied to  other  vowel  signs  are  not  appli- 
cable to  this  particular  vowel  sound; 
notably  the  nk-  or  ng-hook  and  the  sn-hook. 

When  it  is  remembered  that,  in  the  two 
preceding  lists  of  words,  but  one  vowel 
has  been  used  and  only  one  sound  of  that 


in 


vowel,  and  that  the  signs  for  the  various 
sounds  of  the  other  vowels,  e,  i,  o,  and  u, 
have  not  been  used,  some  slight  idea  of 
the  vowel  power  of  Aristography  will  be 
gained. 

To  further  illustrate  the  power  of  the 
vowel  signs  when  subjected  to  the  princi- 
ples of  cumulation  as  set  forth  in  Aristo- 
graphy, the  following  short  list  is  pre- 
sented, in  which  all  the  sounds  in  the 
words  given  are  present  in  the  outlines, 
without  the  use  of  a  single  consonant 
stroke. 


^     platitude 
[— }    oppression 
\      statute 
fi-v'   splendid 
£,      studied 
author 

i/^  hinder 
<j      bronzes 

c^O    link 

(^    printers 
tf°>    springs 

— ^P  erudition 


s~^-  intended 
\j     lassitude 
c-^   plenty 
1/      audit 

either 

/     other 
oo^V  scintillation 
<v^A  radiate 

prosperous 
broader 
o  splendor 
e*"     retreat 


IV 


Q     plateau  /  underrate 

<\(^  prairie  /*p  addition 

r\-^  protest  _p  edition 

U     unstrung  •§    incessant 

There  are  some  words  in  which  the 
consonant  sounds  so  predominate  that  the 
vowels  may  be  entirely  omitted  from  their 
shorthand  representations,  and,  where 
such  treatment  produces  a  more  facile 
outline,  Aristography  permits  the  insertion 
of  vowels  in  such  cases. 

Thus,  Aristography  presents  the  unique 
feature  of  vowels  that  are  both  joinable 
and  insertable  and  which  are  subject  to 
all  the  rules  of  cumulation  given  to  con- 
sonant strokes. 

It  has  been  too  thoroughly  demonstrat- 
ed to  need  argument  here  that  light  and 
heavy  strokes  and  writing  those  strokes  in 
various  vowel  positions  are  elements  of 
speed  and  not  speed-retarding  elements. 
Hence,  light  and  heavy  pairs  are  used  in 
Aristography,  and  vowel  positions  are 
given  which  are  available,  but  not  com- 
pulsory. 


It  would  also  be  logical  in  Aristography 
to  indicate  consonants  by  positioning  the 
vowel  signs;  but  the  adoption  of  such  a 
principle  would  add  a  complexity  of  doubt- 
ful value. 

Aristography,  then,  presents,  among 
others,  the  following  unique  features,  all 
of  great  value : 

1.  Joinable  vowel  strokes. 

2.  Vowel  strokes  all  straight. 

3.  Consonant  signs  all  curves. 

4.  Vowel  and  consonant  signs  each 
subject  to  similar  rules  of  cumulation. 

5.  Insertable  vowel  signs. 

6.  Vowel  positions  for  consonants. 
Another  special  feature  in  Aristography 

is  the  reading  of  forms,  which  proceeds 
always  forward — never  backward  ;  i.  e. , 
an  initial  hook  is  read  initially;  a  final 
hook  is  read  finally;  if  a  stroke  with  a 
hook  is  shortened,  the  letter  added  by  the 
shortening  is  read  after  the  hook  ;  if  a 
stroke  with  a  hook  is  lengthened,  the  syl- 
lable added  by  the  lengthening  is  read 
after  the  hook. 


VI 


A  very  commendable  feature  in  Aristo- 
graphy  is  the  ease  of  inserting  a  vowel, 
it  being  simply  shortened  and  placed  on 
the  proper  side  of  the  consonant  stroke  it 
precedes  or  follows.  That  this  is  a 
decided  gain  will  not  be  denied. 

All  other  systems  of  shorthand  writing 
are  confined  to  consonant  strokes  in  con- 
structing word-signs.  Aristography  has 
both  consonant  and  vowel  strokes  to  select 
from,  and  its  vowels  take  hooks  and  length. 
This  is  a  strong  point  in  favor  of  legibility. 

But  the  power  of  expression  in  Aristo- 
graphy is  so  great  that  less  than  170  word- 
signs  and  only  about  100  contractions  are 
given,  which  is  a  less  number  by  over  one- 
half  than  is  usually  present  in  other  sys- 
tems. 

There  are  two  classes  of  words  in  the 
shorthand  representation  of  which  any 
detached  vowel  system  places  an  extra 
strain  on  its  writers,  i.  e.,  words  whose 
first  or  last  sound  is  a  vowel.  A  great 
amount  of  labor  and  ingenuity  has  been 

VII 


spent  in  devising  various  principles  to 
avoid  the  difficulty  here  presented,  which 
principles  are  seldom  fully  mastered  by  the 
average  student. 

There  is  no  such  difficulty  in  Aristo- 
graphy ;  for  the  initial  and  final  vowels  are 
at  hand  ready  for  instant  and  facile  use. 

In  Lesson  Twelve  will  be  found  all  the 
really  useful  reporting  expedients,  and  in 
the  preface  to  the  notes  of  testimony,  some 
valuable  hints  are  given  on  court  wrork. 

The  student  should  use  a  medium  soft 
pencil — a  No.  2 — until  he  has  reached  a 
fair  speed  in  shorthand.  He  should  then 
get  a  good  fountain  pen — the  Parker  is  a 
very  reliable  pen — and  use  it  in  alternation 
with  a  pencil  until  he  can  use  either  with 
comfort.  It  is  hard  work  to  get  up  speed 
with  a  pen. 

Remember  that  the  pencil  must  always 
be  sharp;  hence,  the  student  should  always 
have  a  supply  of  sharp  ones  on  hand. 


VIII 


Part  One 

Theory 


Points  to  the  Student. 


1.  Copy  each  Reading  and  Writing  Exercise 
at  least  ten  (10)  times,  making  the  notes  as  per- 
fectly as  you  can. 

2.  Then  take  both  Exercises  from  dictation, 
increasing  the  speed  each  time  they  are  dictated, 
until  you  attain  a  speed  of  at  least  seventy-five 
(75)  words  per  minute.  Try  to  reach  a  rate  of 
one  hundred  words  per  minute. 

3.  Then,  take  the  next  lesson. 

4.  When  copying,  make  the  very  best  notes 
you  can. 

5.  Keep  your  pencil  sharp. 

6.  As  the  Reading  and  Writing  Exercises 
contain  no  forms  that  need  be  changed  hereafter, 
you  should  learn  them  all  thoroughly  now;  so  that, 
by  the  time  3'ou  have  finished  the  book,  you  will 
have  a  great  number  of  them  ready  for  instant 
use. 

7.  Do  not  refer  to  the  Key,  except  as  a  last 
resort. 


\ 
\ 

I 
I 

/ 
/ 


Aristography. 

Lesson  One. 

Vowels. 

Written  downward, 
represents  the  sound  of  a  in  mat 

sounds 

sound 
ii         i 

sounds 

Written  from  left  to  right, 
represents  the  sound  of  e  in  met 


a 

« ( 

mate 

•i 

(I 
o 

in  ah,  all 
not,  nor 

0 

in 

note 

u 

<  < 

cut 

1 

V 
00 

in  cute 
foot,  fool 

<  (  «( 


Written  upward, 
represents  the  sound  of  /  in  bit 

t        bite 

l 


<<        <  < 


Dipthongs. 

{      represents  the  sound  of  oi  in  foil 

I  "  '  on  in  foul,  fowl 

Consonants. 

p      b      t    d    ch    j       f     v    n  nef  th  dh  w  vv    h 

nk 

1       r       k        g        m       shyyszst  str  ss 

The  heav}T  sign  dh%  represents  the 
heavy  sound  of  th  as  in  writhe,  the,  etc. 

The  sign  for  h  may  be  written  upward 
or  downward. 

The  signs  for  m  and  sk  are  always  writ- 
ten upward. 

The  consonant  signs  for  w,  h,  y,  s,  z, 
st,  str  and  ss  are  joined  to  the  strokes  in 
the  most  convenient  way.  Where  two 
signs  are  given  for  one  consonant,  the  one 
should  be  selected  for  joining  which  makes 
the  sharpest  angle  with  the  stroke  to 
which  it  is  joined. 


A  circle  or  loop,  whenever  possible, 
should  be  so  joined  as  to  form  part  of  the 
stroke,  as  illustrated  in  the  Reading  Ex- 
ercise following: 

Reading  Exercise  No.  1.. 

_\A.\AA  X^-*.--^.  V-LL^~- 

-.x^.-.^-.I-V^iV-VV--^- 

It  will  be  noticed  that  the  circles  and 
loops  on  single  strokes  are  placed  on  the 
right  side  of  downward^  on  the  upper  side 
of  upward  and  horizontal  strokes  (this 
is  called  the  circle  side  of  vowels)  and 
inside  of  curves,  and  that  when  the  circle 
is  used  between  two  strokes  it  is  placed  in 
the  most  convenient  position.  Between  a 
straight  and  a  curved  stroke,  the  circle  is 
placed  within  the  curved  stroke.  A  loop 
cannot  be  used  in  this  way  between  strokes. 
Its  proper  use  will  be  illustrated  later. 


Writing  Exercise  No.  1. 

Owe  sew  hoe  woe  sweep  why  ace 
icy  wheezy  sues  says  size  hew  ask 
yaw  essay  hasp  whisk  ism  stow  west 
hazed  oil  hall  oyster  assizes  hisses 
Esau    Esther. 


Lessor  Two. 


Hooks  on  vowels. 


pr-or  br-hook ->  '  ^  '< pl-or  bl- hook 

T'\ 
T-   hook j' 1-hook 

n -  hook j — .  ; f-or  v-  hook 

ng-or  nk-book ^^MJ^ tion-hook 


R-hook. 

The  r-hook  is  a  small  initial  hook  on 
the  left  side  of  downward  and  on  the 
lower  side  of  horizontal  or  upward  vowels. 
(This  is  called  the  r-hook  side  of  vowels. ) 
The  vowel  in  the  ster  may  be  shortened 
and  struck  through  the  loop,  as  shown 
in  the  form  for  restore  in  the  following 
illustration.  The  hook  is  read  before  the 
stroke. 

-.\.._.J_...J c^_....^._._^_...V-._ 

raced    row  roosters  rests  wrist  restore  arrest 
raised 

5 


L-hook. 

The  l-kook  is  a  small  initial  hook  on 
the  circle  side  of  vowels.  It  is  read  before 
the  stroke. 


last  losses  lease  lists     allows  released  slay 

Pr-  or  br-hook. 

This  is  an  eyilarged  r-hook,  thus  pre- 
fixing p  or  b  to  the  r  represented  by  the 
hook.  (This  hook  may  be  made  heavy 
when  it  represents  br.  This  is  seldom 
necessary. ) 

°V 2_ c~°. c^_ lift c^_ 

pray     brew     breeze    priest    oppressed    press 

PI-  or  bl-hook. 

This  is  an  enlarged  l-hooky  thus  pre- 
fixing p  or  b  to  the  /represented  by  the 
hook.  (This  hook  may  be  made  heavy 
when  it  represents  bl.  This  is  seldom 
necessary. ) 

...S. C  P  r.      ■       '  \J 

play     blows    blew     please     replace     splash 


N-hook. 

This  is  a  small  final  hook  on  the  r-Jiook 
side  of  vowels.    It  is  read  after  the  stroke. 

__V__A.___-Y____^ \--\%——>^- 

Ann  stain    rain     brain     lane    arraign       whinny 


Ng-  or  nk-hook. 

This  is  the  n-hook  enlarged  to  add 
either^  or  k.  (This  hook  may  be  made 
heavy  when  it  represents  ng.  This  is 
seldom  necessary.) 

___6^_ J. J- (/_ J 

link  long         hung  stung        wrong 


F-  or  v-hook. 

This  is  a  small  final  hook  on  the  circle 
side  of  vowels  opposite  to  the  n-hook.  It 
is  read  after  the  stroke. 

_JL \l_L_\£._ .:*£. £r-~ 

staff       rave     loaf        alive      arrives    lonely 

7 


Tion-hook. 

This  is  a  large  final  hook  on  the  circle 
side  of  vowels  opposite  to  the  n-hook.  It 
is  read  after  the  stroke. 

__A, |^_i ^-..- 

stations         orations        oceans  recision 

Reading  Exercise  No.  2. 

_^...k..A.J1_^..x...f...j j..v. 

When  a  circle  immediately  follows  a 
small  loop,  it  is  placed  on  the  opposite 
side  of  the  stroke,  but  when  a  circle  fol- 
lows a  large  loop,  it  is  placed  within  the 
loop.    (See  three  last  illustrations  above.) 

Writing  Exercise  No.  2. 

Hero  wary  highly  arose  lassie  Ella 
harrow  hallow  Willie  yarrow  roses 
rally  sin  presses  blisses  repress  brow 
lank  wings  prongs  sings  oceans  Prus- 
sians sleeve  lovely  looney  waveless 
sanely   lasts   roasters   blusters. 


Lesson  Three. 


Circles  in  Place  of  Hooks. 

The  substitution  of  a  circle  for  a  hook 
indicates  the  presence  of  that  hook. 

When  a  circle  precedes  or  follows  a 
hook  on  the  circle  side  of  vowel  strokes, 
the  circle  must  be  placed  within  the  hooks. 

The  circle  should  be  made  small  enough 
to  go  within  without  enlarging  the  hook. 

spr-— »(^«—  str- 

-—  S-\z 

The  dotted  line  in  the  above  illustration 
represents  any  vowel  stroke. 

Str- 

By  substituting  s  for  the  r-kook,  st  is 
prefixed  to  the  r  thus  indicated. 

_.%r.-..„!W..A <^____^)____..\ 

strain    strainer  strove  strive    striven    stray 

9 


Spr- 

By  substituting  the  large  circle  for  the 
pr-hooky  s  is  prefixed  to  the  pr. 

?s 3U_:d£ ^ 

spray         sprawl     spring  sprain 


-ns,  -nz. 

By  substituting  s  for  the  n-kook,    s  is 
added  to  the  n. 

...^V l..._^o.„..-r^ro....(^! .^ 

brains  stones  sense    essence  prince     sprains 


-nses. 

By  substituting  ss  for  the  n-hook,  ses  is 
added  to  the  n-hook.  The  ^  cannot  be 
substituted  for  the  ng-hook. 

lances  prances  senses  bronzes  enhances 
10 


Loops  in  place  of  n-hook. 

The  loops  may  be  substituted  for  the 
n-hook. 

A   loop   cannot   be  placed  within  any 


hook. 


A-~i 


-c?d 


The  dotted  line  in  the  above  illustra- 
tion may  indicate  any  vowel  stroke. 

-nst,  -nzd. 

Substituting  st  for  the  n-hook,  adds  st 
or  zd  to  the  n. 

lanced    glanced  bronzed  enhanced  pranced 


-nster. 

Substituting  sir  for    the   n-hook,    adds 
ster,  to  the  n. 

- - > ** 

punster  spinster 

u 


-sn. 

An  n  following  a  circle  or  loop  is  repre- 
sented by  a  small  back-hook,  turned  on  the 
side  of  the  stroke  opposite  the  one  on 
which  the  circle  is  placed.  This  hook 
should  not  project  beyond  the  end  of  the 
stroke  on  which  it  is  made.  The  vowel 
in  the  syllable  need  not  be  shown. 

The  use  of  this  hook  is  not  confined  to 
vowels;  it  may  be  used  on  any  stroke. 

._^v___^L____y \ c_« ^.._ 

mason     listen     loosen    hasten    lesson    Weston 
Reading  Exercise  No.  3. 

_c^e___%_ ^5 V> 

Writing  Exercise  No.  3. 

Strung  stringy  strew  sprung  since 
prance  seines  sons  roans  lens  hens 
pounced  rinsed  bounces  stanzas  rosin 
western   lessen    arisen    season   stray. 

12 


Lesson  Four. 

Hooks  on  Consonants. 

The  hooks  on  consonants  can,  of  course, 
only  be  placed  within  the  curve. 

There  are  but  four  hooks  attached  to 
curves,  the  r-hook,  (a  small  initial  hook), 
the  l-hook  (a  large  initial  hook),  the 
n-hook  (a  small  final  hook),  and  the  tion- 
hook  (a  large  final  hook). 

l-hook ,  , tion-hook 

i  i 

r-hook »v^  y* n-hook 

The  dotted  curved  line  may  indicate 
any  consonant  stroke. 

R-hook. 

The  r-hook  on  consonants  is  a  small 
initial  hook  and  is  read  before  the  conso- 
nant. 

--i:---4--------S-- 

orb  harp  error  starve 

13 


L-hook. 

The  l-hook  on  consonants  is  a  large 
initial  hook  and  is  read  before  the  conso- 
nant. 

_.^___^. ^.._..^T- 

health  help  helm  self 


N-hook. 

The  n-hook  on   consonants  is  a   small 
final  hook  and  is  read  after  the  consonant. 

--L X* w^-..__4—- 

hearken         broken  gallon  earn 


Tion-hook. 

The  tion-hook  on  consonants  is  a  large 
final  hook  and  is  read  after  the  consonant. 

-*- * v- 

auction  assertion  portion 

H 


Inserted  Vowels. 

The  vowel  signs  may  be  made  very 
short  and  placed  beside  strokes,  when  it 
is  inconvenient  to  join  them  or  the  form 
is  much  improved  by  their  omission. 

In  the  following  illustrations  observe 
the  direction  of  reading  inserted  vowels. 
It  is  shown  by  dotted  arrows. 

An  inserted  vowel  may  be  placed  in 
any  position  beside  a  stroke,  but  it  makes 
the  best  appearance  when  placed  near 
the  middle,  and  should  be  of  just  sufficient 
length  to  positively  indicate  its  direction. 

The  illustrations  below  are  shown  in 
three  positions  for  their  first  strokes: 
above  the  line,  on  the  line  and  through 
the  line.  These  positions  are  fully  ex- 
plained in  Lesson  Eight. 

:^....::h-^--m^-^ 

rap        direction     open      reflection  drank 
No  circle  or  loop  may  be  substituted  for 
a  hook  on  consonants;  but  s  may  be  placed 
within  such  hook.      The  large  circle  and 
the  loops  must  not  be  so  placed. 


En-,  un-  or  in-hook. 

This  is  a  small  initial  back  hook,  always 
immediately  preceding  s,  and  represents 
the  syllable  en,  un  or  in. 

__..^__.__<^r_ st 5j 

enseal       uncivil  inspiration   inceptioa 


Reading  Exercise  No.  4. 


Writing  Exercise  No.  4. 
Work  warp  urge  wealth  alps  hulk 
elf  ribbon  widen  oven  erection  selec- 
tion ensign  insane  incense  unsling 
incisions  insertion  instance  insist  inspec- 
tion. 


i». 


Lesson  Five. 


Half-Lengths. 

Making  a  stroke  half  its  normal  length 
adds  t  or  d  to  it.  If  there  is  a  hook  on 
the  stroke,  the  t  or  d  added  by  halving  is 
read  after  the  hook.  If  there  is  a  circle 
affixed  to  the  stroke  halved,  the  circle  is 
read  after  the  /  or  d  added  by  the  halving. 

_.__\ e *o _°S % c^ 

add       steed    streets  strand  strands  lends 


Double-Lengths. 

Doubling  the  normal  length  of  a  stroke 
adds  tr,  dr  or  thr,  with  or  without  a  vowel 
before  the  r.  If  there  is  a  hook  on  the 
stroke,  the  syllable  shown  by  the  length- 
ening is  read  after  such  hook.  If  there 
is  a  circle  added  to  such  stroke,  the  circle 
is  read  after  the   added  syllable. 


laughter   slender     splinter       printer  lenders 

17 


The  stroke  for  m  is  also  lengthened  to 
add  pr  or  br,  with  or  without  a  vowel  be- 
tween. This  lengthening  is  subject  also 
to  the  rules  in  the  preceding  paragraph  as 
to  hooks  and  circles. 


member      lumber      hamper 


Vocalizing  Double-Lengths. 

If  it  is  desirable  at  any  time  to  show 
the  vowel  in  the  syllable  represented  by 
the    lengthening,    such    vowel    may    be 


struck  through  the  lengthened  stroke. 


amateur 


4^- 


±. 


entire 


endure  endorsement 


Reading  Exercise  No.  5. 


is 


Writing  Exercise  No.  5. 

Set  head  sweet  hold  sat  whit  sift 
staved  hunt  rented  lands  study  stoned 
liken  rook  warn  leaky  herb  elk 
blender  hunter  brother  timber  scamper 
cinders    indicted    saintly    hotly    brandy. 


19 


Lesson  Six. 


Broken  Forms. 

A  form  may  be  broken.  In  such  case 
the  two  parts  are  written  close  together, 
the  first  stroke  of  the  last  part  continuing 
in  the  direction  of  the  last  stroke  of  the 
first  part  of  the  form  thus  broken. 

___«/£_ dLe. L^rn i-_rrr___ 

unite  unrest  subsidy  untidy 

W  may  be  omitted  or  joined  as  shown 
below  in  certain  cases. 


quick        queer        quake        quick        queer 

The  Past  Tense, 

The  past  tense,  when  represented  by  the 

syllable  ed,  is  shown  by  a  half-length  light 

e,  joined  when  convenient,  and  disjoined 

when  not  easily  joined.     When  the  past 

» 


tense  is  represented  by  the  addition  of 
t  or  d,  it  is  shown  by  halving  the  preced- 
ing stroke,  or  by  substituting  a  loop  for  a 
circle. 


_> -ez A _<n Ns ^ 

aided     edited      laid     prayed    raised  wedded 


Omission  of  Sounds. 

The  shorthand  representations  of  some 
sounds  may  be  omitted  where  their  use  is 
difficult.  In  the  following  illustrations 
will  be  found  enough  examples  to  guide 
the  student  in  this  regard.  He  should  not 
omit  enough  to  endanger  the  legibility — 
it  is  better  to  break  the  form  than  to  omit 
too  much. 


rancid  inch    injure  enjoy  suppress   solicitation 


_:~t- *=r=r9._.& \-7-~  JL- 

supplant  surrender  illustration  sanitary  belong 


Writing  Exercise  No.  6. 
Wedded  supplanted  rested  unwedded 
unscented  evolution  suppressions  bal- 
ances intended  ended  transact  laced 
blasted  lifted  drifted  hushed  scooped 
quack     quail. 


Lesson  Seven. 


Syllable  Expression. 
Many  initial  and  terminal  and  some 
internal  syllables  are  of  such  frequent  oc- 
currence it  is  advisable  to  have  some 
brief  way  of  representing  them.  Some 
of  these  are  given  below. 

Con,  com — by  an  initial  light  dot  or  by 
omission  in  the  manner  shown 

-,*.- •*-<--.. \ : .<%-... 

conceit        compress  accommodate      inconstant 
Ex-,  ac-,  ag by  omitting  the  x%  c  or  g. 

._.-^..__t£ a.  _____V--V—  -\=~~ 

exist  exhaust  exceed    accept  acceed   agree 

Self — by  placing  s  before  the  first  stroke 
in  the  remainder  of  the  form  for  the  word, 
as  shown  below. 


*> 7 


selfish  self-defence      self-reproach 

In — by  a  small  inital  back   hook  pre- 
ceding s. 

in  his  letter  in  his  favor 

-ing,  -ings,  -ingly — by  a  final  detached 
dot,  s  or  heavy  a-tick. 


aiding       relating     pleadings    seemingly 

M 


-ity by  a  half-length  light  i-tick,  de- 
tached in  the  manner  shown.  A  hook  or 
small  consonant  may  be  prefixed  to  this 
affix. 

_JGr_V^L_4^ ;- 

oddity    activity      audacity       city       integrity 

-ble,  -bly — by  b  joined. 

._        _<^ <£__ ^ 

edible       sociable-y  lovable      laughable 

-bleness — by  b-s  joined. 

_~^» jKo_ 

feebleness  sociableness 

-ology,  -ological-ly,  -graph-y,  -graph- 
ical-ly,  and  similar  terminations,  by  dis- 
joining the  sign  for  the  first  consonant  of 
the  termination  adding  k  for  the  addition 
of  -ic  or  -ical-ly  and  r  for  the  addition 
of  -er. 

i_f_ jUsgi _\^_ 


theology  telegraphy        aristographly 

telegraphic-al-ly  aristographer 

-shal-1,  -rial,  -cial.  — by  sh  joined. 

,...U ^j L 

official  partial  commercial 

36 


-ment — by  half-length  n  joined  where 
mnt  cannot  be  easily  joined. 

t— '■ *■ 

adjustment  contentment      commandmen* 

-mental-ly,  -mentality — by  mnt  disjoined 
±*e IZc. 

sentimental-ly-ity         regimental-ly 
-ly — by  ly,  joined  or  disjoined. 

— U W- fi *Z— 

slowly  sadly  gently  swiftly 

-self,  -selves — by  s  or  ss,   joined  or  dis- 
joined.    (See  Lesson  Nine). 

__^ A O 

"  "O 

itself   yourself    himself    ourselves    yourselves 


-ful-ly,  -fulness,   -lessness — by  f,  fs,  ss 
detached  in  the  manner  shown. 

careful-ly         carefulness       carelessness 

27 


-ality,  -ility,  -arity,  -erity — by  detaching 
as  shown  the  consonant  immediately  pre- 
ceding. The  vowel  preceding  the  detached 
consonant  may  usually  be  omitted. 

principality     feasibility     disparity    prosperity 

__ril ^ ^___ _:wf___ 

civility       utility  popularity      formality 

Reading  Exercise  No.  7. 


Writing  Exercise  No.  7. 
Command  complain  consent  concern 
exaction  exaggeration  examination  ex- 
asperation excellent  exhibition  accelerate 
accessible  accomplice  accusaiion  accrue 
incompetent  lending  lovingly  readings 
intensity  reasonable  actionable  rotata- 
bleness  zoology  orthographic  frugality 
blissful  thoughtfulness  insert  self-esteem 
loudly. 

28 


Lesson  Eight. 

Vowel  Positions. 

A  vowel  may  be  omitted.  To  show 
such  omission  the  first  stroke  in  the  form 
for  the  word  is  written  in  the  position  as- 
signed to  that  vowel.  The  absence  of 
only  one  vowel  in  a  word  can  be  thus  in- 
dicated, and  that  one  is  the  strongest  of 
those  omitted. 

E  and  I  Position. 

The  e  and  i  position  is  above  the  line  of 
writing  and  is  called  the  first  position. 

kind      desire  meaner       find  relative 

O  and  U  Position. 

The  o  and  u  position  is  on  the  line  of 
writing  and  is  called  the  second  position. 

JU£ _^_ ^ n>^„ 

position         possible  purchase  enclose 

29 


A  Position. 

The  a  position  is  below  the  line  of  writ- 
ing for  horizontal  strokes,  and  through  the 
line  for  all  others.  If  placing  the  first 
stroke  in  the  third  position  carries  the 
form  too  far  below  the  line,  the  first  down- 
ward or  upward  stroke  may  be  used  for 
positioning.  This  is  called  the  third 
position. 

_.(^_ — ^_ :_> w_ 

take  back  name  payment 

Reading  Exercise  No.  8. 


-V-£--H— 


,Tf. 


Writing  Exercise  No.  8. 

Fill  fur  pair  fail  pile  pole  pal 
unsupported  competition  check  jug  jar 
performing  regained  rejoiced  tell  confer 
contraction    person    burden. 

80 


Lesson  Nine. 


Vowel  Word-signs. 


\ 
at 

-_\_  advantage 

__\__  advertise 

__V-  after 

._js_  astonish 

— \__  satisfy-actory 

.._!_  of 

__^-to 

.^y..  about 

„_\_  all 

__*__  too,  two 


any 

r-=^_  When 

whether 

several 

r-rP—  establish 

recollect 

~_  regard 
_-__  an,  and 

even 

—  _he  (in  phrases) 
.-,__  a 


in 



over 

_^_. 

it 

__L 

O,  oh,  owe 

-?<*- 

if 

-+■ 

.  only 

/° 

influence 

i 

already 

_^. 

.  inform-ation 

i_. 

there,  tneir, 
. they  are 

^ 

principle- 

•pal 

/ 

.up 

«^1 

I  (in  phrases) 

JL 

.under 

1 

what 
. ordinary 

--/ 

.until 

extraordinary       I* 

__l__our,  hour  __z__he*,    the*    him* 

__l_.out 

often 

__!__  office 

i 
,. on 

_  i_  or 


/ 

how* 

- 

_z. 

.you  (in 

phrases) 

JL 

.  United  States 

./_. 

.who 

/ 

.whom 

*  The  signs  for  these  words  may  be  written  upward  or 
downward. 


M 


Consonant   Word-signs. 


particular-it}' 

_^_.  peculiar-ity 
-W- party 

previous 

opinion 

represent 

_v^-  punctual-ly-ity 

_>--_.  be,  object 
_i    .before 

business 

_v_.  subject 

become 

became 


____  between 
Jl__  did 
__L__  do,  dollar 
./—had 

-->    differ-ent-ence 
-W.  difficult-y 

denominate-ion 

— L_  done 
—£~  down 
___ each 

UC~.  which 

— /T—  charge 
jC..  suggest 
general -ly 

r 

gentlemen 


n 


_  ,  _  gentleman 

not 

__  from 

JU 

hundred 

_^_  for 

-^- 

natural-ly 

-^j..  favor 

-V 

never 

*^   familiar-ity 

jl 

nevertheless 

__X*-  forget 

■i 

notwithstanding 

__^:  forgive 

.k. 

knowledge 

forgiven 

i- 

nothing 

ever 

__)_. 

.  long,  along 

every 

J 

think,  thing 

"^    have 

JL 

thousand 

_r>y_  very 

new,  knew 

-)- 

thank 

JL. 

.  without 

/    no,  know 

) 

.  they,  them 

__}._now 

JL 

though 

M 


that 

again 

these 

against 

__°r__  those,  thus 

>™.  will 

__^_this 
within 

t»  large 

language 

can,  according 

while 

_v^_  come 

well 

came 

_j=^_  world 

because 

here 

_j£_  acknowledge 

*"*  are 

regular 

where 

give 

...*Ts-her 

%_? 

z^~    me,  my 

given 

time 

_w.  go,  ago 

_^T_.  may 

gave 

_^-__  am 

35 


-i—  remember 


were 


_y 

she 

— 

.wish 

__y_. 

.  should 

-ot- 

.  shall 

o 

is 

his 

__Q 

.US 

as 

has 

o 

a 



.is  it 

„j£7_ 

.first 

as  it 

has  it 

O 

O 

is  thr* 

as  thr 

—e- 

.  has  thr* 

c 

«.— 

_we 

3     we 
with 


would 

year 

w_.  yes 

yet 

V 
A 

beyond 

__o-_you 
your 


c   we  were 
, we  would 

3     with  you 
we  were 


were  you 


you  were 
__/2 you  would 


.jl°Ii.  was 

*Thr  means  there,  their  or  they  are  wherever  it  is  used. 


Lesson  Ten. 


Contractions. 


V 


above 

-ass?- 

certainty 

\>     action 

c? 

comprehend 

_  o      account 

C~3 

comprehension 

_Ari_  apprehend 

_C2tf. 

comprehensive 

JC2.  apprehension 

__<H- 

consider 

\z^..  apprehensive 

,£\_ 

considerate 

-\a.  arrange 

<vP 

consideration 

Jr^rTl  auxiliary 

-J\- 

.  considerable-v 

behind 

«j 

consequent 

._<rv._  certain 

Q_9 

consequence 

2? 


448362 


consequential 
__\>—  conversation 
(       do,  defendant 
___?}__  deliver 
S^L.  delivery 
.__CV_  deliverance 
,.  V"*  _  democrat 
__?r±._  describe 
.J?rdLj-  description 
_^tk„  England 
.^.  English 
.^?^?_  Englishman 

L  entertain 

equal 

equality 


_Z_3ii_  especial 

/__  essential 

mrr*Ty    exclude 
-sagy.  exclusion 
_rTO>.  exclusive 
...cr?—  experience 

_— i explain-ation 

.J>^.-.  explanatory 
„r^...  forward 
— _\^._  frequent 
T^crx^-  frequency 
. ,.  d .     generation 

immediate 

._^T>r_  important-ance 
_r^S?_  impossible 


8* 


_y\  .  improve 

zi inconsiderate 

indescriminate 

Jj^s>_  indispensable 
_^S  _  individual-ity 
^y^  influential 

^2r^>.  inquire 
_^_  instead 
s^r?_  irregular 

/"    jurisdiction 
..f....  jurisprudence 
C      juxtaposition 
fX>~>>.  messenger 
..CL...  necessary 
.A'-  necessity 


obtain 
_  L__  observe 
__dy_  observation 
„o*r-  oblige 
Ixc...  official 
„.k-_  opportunity 
..L---  passenger 
_„C\  perfect 
__T^.  perfection 
A-.--  perhaps 
„C\._  practical 
.CV—  -  practicable 
_£\-.  practice 
— L.  proper 
__L^_  property 


31 


..  n.-probable-y-il 

ity  JL_„  republican 

_  L    proportion 

_  .       require 

_l  .propose 

.t^rP     responsible 

<L_proposition 

crP_(..  responsibility 

V 

__    -  propriety 

sometime 

proprietor 

0 

sometimes 

__V.__public 

—£-—  somewhat 

_L— publication 

^-     special 

_L— purpose 

__o2__  superintend-ent-ence 

.  _      quality 

<r^    usual 

_  .^.quantity 

___!__  witness 

quite 

\__  way 

question 

^     away 

_Vs republic 

40 


Outlines 


__„  accept 

acceptation 

_J2 accident 

Jifc=*>  accidental 

V__  accurate 
accuracy 

.  ,y?—  active 

__V_.  across 
V—    agree 
appeal 
appear 
appearance 
appreciate 
appreciation 


_V\)-  association 
_J£\_  associate 

_L bank 

__L —  banquet 

__J belong 

->=^C.  christian 
_^£m1  Christianity 
_^JL_.  common 
__r7T._  desire 
__„___  direct 
J-^  _  direction 
__5--\  _  directness 
_.%>--  disaster 
_  Sl     disastrous 


41 


_-T_^__  except 
_I_S__  exception 
23^Tl  explore 
Z__hQ  exploration 
— f —  flow 

__J_^_  follow 

__W__  fortune 
-Ji?-/.  furnish 
_-_tt__  furniture 
-\-^-  happy 
— <^.__  hesitate 
__ ±r£__  hesitation 
— k...  hope 

humility 

>_  humiliation 


inaugurate 

f 

________  incident 

___0 industry 

— h—  industrious 
—-/-—introduce 
-— L_>-  introduction 

little 

measure 

pleasure 

-djT^  problem 
_£\_9_  production 
-l_r_v_2  protection 

— L prosper 

-__A__  prosperous 
— Ik...  prosperity 


N 


queer 

real 

£2T-L.  realize 
-.-.C--  religion 

_£.__  religious 

—(p—  remain 

S"%  -  remark 
JU^l  secure 

q,  /*   security 
_f____  seldom 

\j,_  significant 

____0  signification 
single 

°L 

*~^y  singular 

>-     ■        , 

'        singularity 


_1_.  strongest 
..VSjl.  subsequent 
_(o sudden 

__£?__  sufficient 

P 
J!L___  superior 

_*?^f_  superlative 

*J&ZL-  supply 

__<Z°__  suppress 

-J3T--.  suppression 

system 

systematic 
_j_ territory 

together 


4H 


Lesson  Eleven, 


Derivatives. 


.-V-.-  advertisement 
„-x__-  afternoon 
-w-  afterward 

almost 

L.  also 

. )_  although 

always 

anybody 

._.V?..  astonishment 
._>__  at  first 
at  hand 


— V-  at  last 

at  least 

_A_  at  length 

at  once 

__\_  disadvantage 
_•=,??-  establishment 
__Vrk  everybody 
__-J-  have  been 
___ Y__  hereafter 
_£___  herein 
hereinafter 


„_  hereinbefore 

hereof 

hereon        - 

__sv—  hereto 

.!s-^--  heretofore 

__/-..  hereunder 

herewith 

A     I   . 
into 

s?zsr^  larger 

_<r?s__  largest 

_  vi_.  objection 

_y-<£_  objective 

.Je>_  officer 

-.Uri-_  official 

_JL__  on  or  before 

.-.A__  on  or  about 

-J-—-  outer 

._.L_..  outside 


I outward 

_.tl__  recollection 

r 

_____  representation 

^P 

_.»™_  representative 

-$«.-  satisfaction 
„Vo-_  subjection 
>L=rf_  subjective 
...C—..  suggestion 
...Of-  suggestive 
.-I—  thereafter 
—i—  thereat 
~Vt—  therefore 

-u therefor 

„u^-  therein 
..u^..  thereinafter 
_-i___  thereof 
_.-j__  thereon 
..^—  theretofore 


id 


^_-i—  thereunder  upon 

__.i-—  thereupon  upper 

_/___  understand  __^__-  upward 

_/___  understood  wherefore 

_/        undertake  wherein 

l^     undertook  wherever 

U^—  unsatisfactory 


Phrases. 

v  .         \ 

__r__ _at  some  time  /£h_.at  such  time 

.V— _at  the  same  time  __ _/tr__at  which  time 

__^riat  that  time  at  what  time 

-_^r_at  this  time  IT—  at  any  ^me 


47 


and  I  typewriting 


___7 and  t-he  in  consideration 

.__n and  thr  j^l- in  regard 

—-'—-and  who  _r^T7__  in  respect 

and  whom  in  order 

■7 

y, do  you  in  order  to 

.Jo — do  you  think  in  reply  to  your 

_v^___do  you  have  in  receipt  of  your 

-U^-__do  you  see  in  account 

-Vsrs — Dear  Sir  of  course 


from  year  to  year I out  of 


k~ 


_from  time  to  time \  __   over  and  above 


V  J 

from  what  time      ___rf on  account 


V-  1 

hand  writing  —J Your  Honor 


-in  writing  we  are 


N 


very  respectfully 
.we  remain  V=-^.-_  yours 


X*.. 


<__ my  dear  sir  __-=r^L__respectfully 

._jT^. yours  truly  »_J>£__ sincerely  yours 

__     e,      very  sincerely 
.j>>w yours  very  truly j____y°urs 

__nr^°__. yours  respectfully      J\.__ fraternally 

yours  very  respect-          -. 
...jsy fully  j^..  .fraternally  yours 

.__*__. -yours  sincerely    ___^___ yours  fraternally 
.-^TN,/-. yours  very  sincerely s—    we  are  in  receipt 

._sr-5__  respectfully  yours     _\_.  we  have  yours 

y<K  party  of  the  first 
in  the  first  place I part 


party  of  the  sec- 
._JB^T.._.  for  the  first  time  _\ ond  part 


in  the  next  place  ___r?__   the  first 

in  the  second 
.place  jr=r?__  less  than 


Lesson  Twelve. 


Joining  of  Ticks. 
The  word-sign  for  he,  the  or  him  may  be 
affixed.     It  should  not  be  prefixed. 

of  the     to  the   in  the        may  the         does  the 
of  him  by  the        past  the 

The  ticks  for  a,  an  or  and  may  be  pre- 
fixed, but  should  not  be  affixed  except  to 
of  and  to.  When  joined,  either  a  horizon- 
tal or  vertical  tick  may  be  used,  but  the 
horizontal  tick  is  to  be  preferred  wherever 
possible. 

-JL_, )- ^_1_._ 

and  be     and  when     and  not    and  for    of  a    to  a 

The  ticks  for  /  and  how  are  never 
affixed.  They  are  prefixed,  I  in  the  first 
and  how  in  the  third  position.  The  tick 
for  he  may  be  prefixed  in  the  second 
position. 


I  can    he  can    how  can   and  I    and  he    and  how 

Ticks   and   small   consonants    may   be 
substituted  for  ing-dot  as  shown. 


paying  the        seeing  you-r         going  away 
going  thr  giving  us-his 


51 


Special  Phrasing. 

There,  their,  they  are,   other,  whether 
-by  lengthening. 


when  thr     no  other    another   recollect   whether 

Own,  one,  than,  not — by  n-hook. 
my  own    anyone   more  than     will  not    I  did  not 

Ever,  if,  of,  have — hy / hook'. 

whenever     whoever     and  if     and  of     and  have 
It — by  halving. 

rr______-^_____.c_.__^ .-i 

in  it  think  it      do  it     know  it   for  it 

Did,  do,  does,  had,  would — by  halving 
and  positioning  as  shown. 


/ 


JL+ 


I  did  he  did  yoti  did 

I  do  he  does  you  do 

I  had  he  had         you  had 

53 


You,  your,  may  be  inverted  in  phrasing. 


if  you  can  in  your  favor  if  you  have 


Way,  away — by  joining  w. 

-— - <r. C- ~_ 

any  way     some  way      which  way      go  away 


As,  has  and  you  may  be  taken  out  of 
position  when  beginning  a  phrase. 

„__^ A _ 

as  if        as  he        as  I       you  will       you  and  I 

"To  the" — by  omission  and  placing 
following  sig?i  immediately  below  the  line. 
This  is  called  the  fourth  position. 

^^  _^ 

to  the  lake    to  the  town     to  the  city 

1  'Of  the" — by  omission  and  placing  close 
together.     This  is  called  the  fifth  position. 

ZL— -*: 

one  of  the  men     outside  of  the  city 

53 


Punctuation. 


— ////-fH-l 

-   -.      !       ?     1        ()       [] 
Reading  Exercise  No  9. 


Writing  Exercise  No.  9. 

Gentlemen — I  have  your  letter  of  the 

27th  ult,  and  am  very  glad  to  hear  from 

you.     It  will  give  me  very  much  pleasure 

to  bring  about  the  meeting  between  you 

and  Mr.  Brown,  as  requested  by  you,  at 

an  early  date.     In  his  letters  to  us  he  has 

spoken  of  the  pleasure  he  hoped  to  have 

in  meeting  you. 

Very  truly  yours. 

54 


Part  Two. 

Practice  Matter. 


Practice  Matter. 


Letters. 


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Preface  to  Court  Work. 

In  reporting  testimony,  the  writer  should  re- 
member that  each  stroke  of  the  pencil  requires 
time,  and  that  time  is  valuable;  hence,  he  should 
not  make  any  superflous  characters  to  represent 
things  not  spoken.  For  instance,  the  lawyer 
does  not  say  "question"  each  time  he  interro- 
gates the  witness;  neither  does  the  witness  say 
"answer"  before  each  reply;  and  no  one  an- 
nounces his  name  before  speaking. 

All  these,  however,  must  be  clearly  indicated 
in  the  notes,  and  they  are  so  indicated  in  the 
following  pages  of  notes. 

The  style  of  examination  is  shown  by  X," 
which  means  "Cross  Examination." 

The  name  at  the  beginning  of  the  first  line  of 
notes  is  that  of  the  lawyer  who  is  conducting  the 
examination.    Thus  we  have  positively  indicated: 

Cross-Examination 
By  Mr.  Ritter. 

As  the  principal  part  of  the  talking  will  be 
done  by  him,  he  is  alloted  the  full  width  of  the 
page — that  is,  if  a  question  exceeds  the  length 
of  the  line,  it  continues  at  the  left  hand  margin 
of  the  page. 

The  witness  takes  up  the  next  largest  amount 
of  space,  and  he  is  allowed  all  there  is  between 
the  first  vertical  line  and  the  right  hand  margin. 

61 


The  answer  may  begin  on  the  line  on  which  the 
question  ends,  provided,  an  inch  of  blank  line 
can  be  left. 

When  the  witness  answers  after  an  objection, 
or  says  anything  not  in  reply  to  a  question,  the 
notes  should  begin  just  to  the  right  of  the  first 
vertical  line — his  line.  (See  answer  after  second 
objection,  page  64.) 

The  second  vertical  line  belongs  to  the  object- 
ing counsel.  (See  first  objection.)  His  name 
should  be  written  the  first  time  he  speaks,  but 
not  again,  so  long  as  he  remains  objecting  coun- 
sel.    The  surname  is  sufficient. 

The  presiding  officer,  whoever  he  may  be,  is 
given  the  space  between  the  third  vertical  line 
and  the  right  hand  margin.  (See  remarks  by 
the  Court  in  several  places.) 

Parallel  lines  are  shown  in  the  notes  in  several 
places.  They  are  "  repeats."  They  repeat 
what  they  point  at,  changing  the  pronoun,  if 
necessary.  (See  "Key  to  testimony"  for  trans- 
lation of  the  "repeats,"  when  they  will  be  easily 
understood.) 


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Part  Three. 

Keys. 


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Key  to  Reading  Exercises. 


No.  1.    Aye 'say.  hi 


Aye 'say  hay  way  sway  whey  ease 
easy  hazy  saws  sews  whiz  high  asp  yea 
assay  husk  whistle  waste  stay  uses  whist 
howl  hail  east  hoister  assesses  assist  ahoy 
Asa    Hester. 

No.  2.  Allow  hoary  Lucy  oleo  relay  rule 
hurrah  wallow  sorrow  races  leases  lowly 
sunny  wing  wavy  blesses  bruises  brainy 
plow  wrongs  links  ranks  rations  aster  luster 
slave    Henry    blasts    lusters   arresters. 

No.  3.  Strong  string  strewn  spruce  sprang 
springy  scenes  loans  leans  enhance  rinse 
sins  plans  bounced  princes  lenzes  reason 
raisin   eastern   astern. 

No.  4.  Organ  stark  earth  welkin  stealth 
yolk  elm  Helen  broaden  blacken  revulsion 
election  resurrection  enslave  ensnare  incision 
instep    insolence    insincere   install   unstring. 

No.  5.  Hate  stand  wheat  hut  soft  hinted 
steady  statute  lucky  ragged  rocky  hinder 
broader  printers  renders  latitude  altitude  un- 
weighed  handy  splendidly  unaided  character 
neglect   lifter. 

71 


No.  6.  Weeded  listed  riveted  relented  ar- 
rested unheeded  united  insolence  revolution 
solicit  saturation  balance  braced  [praised] 
trusted  wanted  surrendered  indebted  indicated 
transaction  suppression  transacted  prosecuted 
rushed     capped     sequel     quarter. 

No.  7.  Commute  commend  communication 
commotion  compose  exact  exaggerate  examine 
exasperate  excellence  except  excess  exchange 
excommunicate  executor  exhibit  accented 
acclivity  incommode  incompatible  provokingly 
sayings  readable  readableness  pathology 
phonography  rascality  graceful  heedlessness 
insult     self-made     lightly     lately. 

No.  8.  Fear  fore  fair  feel  fall  value  in- 
sertion insipid  insurrection  ensnare  convene 
cheek  joke  jack  regain  perform  rejoice  reck- 
less   competence   contract    pardon. 

No.  9.  Dear  Sir:  We  have  your  favor  of  the 
26th  ult.  as  to  Mr.  Brown.  When  did  he  reach 
the  city  and  when  does  he  go  away  again  ?  We 
hope  we  shall  have  the  pleasure  of  seeing  him 
before  he  leaves  and  shall  look  to  you  to  bring  a 
meeting  about  at  the  earliest  possible  moment. 

Youis  truly, 


n 


Keys  to  Business  Letters. 


Page  57. 

Dear  Sir:  We  have  yours  of  the  2nd  inst., 
and  thank  you  for  your  prompt  reply.  We  are 
glad  to  know  that  you  are  taking  our  view  of  the 
matter,  as  we  were  sure  you  would  do,  as  we  are 
in  a  position  to  insist  upon  the  points  we  have 
made.  We  are  satisfied  that  the  matter  may  be 
arranged  in  a  manner  entirely  satisfactory  to  all 
concerned.  Yours  truly, 

Gentlemen  :  Owing  to  the  failure  of  one  of 
our  debtors,  we  are  in  possession  of  a  large  stock 
of  miscellaneous  goods  which  we  are  very  desir- 
ous to  have  taken  off  our  hands.  Will  you  kind- 
ly send  your  purchasing  agent  to  inspect  the 
stock  at  as  early  a  time  as  possible? 

Very  respectfully  yours, 

Gentlemen  :     Pursuant  to  your  request,  our 

purchasing  agent  has  inspected  the 

Page  58. 
stock  of  goods  mentioned  in  your  letter  and  re- 
ports that  you  were  quite  right  in  calling  it  a 
miscellaneous  lot.  He  says  it  is  composed  of 
odds  and  ends  of  every  description  of  out-of-date 
goods.  We  hardly  think  we  can  make  any  use 
of  the  stock,  but  you  might  submit  an  offer. 

Respectfully  yours,  ' 

Dear  Sir:  Agreeably  to  your  esteemed  order 
of  the  2nd  inst.,  we  have  the  pleasure  of  enclos- 

78 


ing  invoice  of  goods  amounting  to  5175. 25,  sub- 
ject to  5%  discount  for  prompt  cash. 

We  may  mention  that,  from  the  opinion  en- 
tertained of  you  by  our  Mr.  Wetherly,  we  have 
no  hesitation  in  opening  an  account  and  at  once 
placing  you  on  our  best  terms. 

The  parcels  have  been  dispatched  this  day 
per  Wells-Fargo  Express,  and  we  trust  they  will 
reach  you  safely  and  receive  your  approval. 

We  believe  the  goods  will  bear  favorable 
comparison  with  those  of  any  house  in  the  trade 
and  desire  that  you  shall  satisfy  yourself  as  to 
value  and  quantities  before  remitting  settlement. 

We  are,  dear  sir,  yours  respectfully, 
Page  59. 

Gentlemen:  Enclosed  please  find  a  list  of 
goods  upon  which  we  desire  your  most  favorable 
quotations.  Kindly  inform  us  what  time  will  be 
required  for  filling  an  order  for  such  goods  as 
you  do  not  keep  in  stock.  We  would  also  be 
glad  to  know  which  of  these  you  keep  in  stock 
and  which  you  do  not. 

Please  give  us  your  best  terms. 

An  early  reply  will  greath7  oblige, 

Very  sincerely  yours, 

My  dear  Sir:  We  take  pleasure  in  acknowl- 
edging receipt  of  yours  of  the  29th  ult.;  in 
answer  to  which  we  beg  to  give  you  our  present 
quotations.  We  would  call  your  attention  to 
the  fact  that  we  have  checked  such  items  as  we 
always  keep  in  stock,  orders  for  which  can  be 
filled  immediately.     As  to  those  which    we    do 

74 


not  keep  in  stock,  orders  will  require  a  week  in 
filling:. 

Our  usual  terms  are  :  note  at  four  months} 
or  2%  off  for  cash. 

Trusting  that  we  may  have  the  pleasure  of 
hearing  from  you  again,  we  remain, 

Your  obedient  servants, 
Page  60. 

Gentlemen :  We  are  in  receipt  of  yours  of 
the  3rd.  We  regret  that  it  is  impossible  to  give 
you  any  satisfactory  information  relative  to  the 
parties  with  respect  to  whom  you  make  inquiry. 
We  should  not  advise  giving  them  any  large  lat- 
itude in  credits. 

Regretting  that  our  reply  cannot  be  more 
favorable,  we  are,  Yours  truly, 

Gentlemen  :  We  take  pleasure  in  acceding 
to  your  request  for  information  in  regard  to  the 
standing  of  Messrs.  H.  W.  Sanderson  &  Co., 
this  city. 

We  have  had  very  many  transactions  with 
them,  involving  large  sums  of  money,  in  all  of 
which  they  have  acquitted  themselves  in  a  most 
exemplary  manner — meeting  their  obligations 
promptly  and  fully,  many  times  long  before  they 
were  due.  In  addition  to  this,  they  are  very 
reasonable  in  all  things,  there  always  being  un- 
questionable cause  for  complaint  when  one  is 
made  by  them  as  to  any  shipment. 

Thanking  you  for  this  opportunity  of  express- 
ing our  regr.rd  for  the  gentlemen,  we  are, 

Very  respectfully  yours, 
75 


Key  to  Testimony. 


Page  63. 

Cross  Examination 
by  Mr.  Ritter 

Q.  How  long  did  you  say  you  had  known 
the  defendant  ?     A.      Two  or  three  years. 

Q.  He  was  a  friend  of  yours,  was  he  not. 
A.     Well,  yes,  I  suppose  you  may  say  he  was. 

Q.  Not  what  I  say,  but  what  you  say.  A. 
I  suppose  he  was. 

Q.  Well,  was  he  ?  A.  As  matters  have 
turned  out,  I  do  not  know  whether  he  was  or  not. 

Q.  You  are  not  certain  about  it  ?  A.  No  ; 
I  am  not  certain  about  it. 

Q.  Just  because  he  did  not  pay  you  the 
money  when  it  was  due,  you  think  he  was  not  a 
friend  of  yours  ?     A.     That  is  not  it. 

Q.  What  is  it,  then,  that  has  changed  things 
around  so  ?  A.  What  he  has  said  about  me  to 
others. 

Q.     What  has  he  said  about  you  to  others  ? 

Mr.  Peck  :  I  object  to  that  as  entirely  im- 
material, as  the  case  now  stands,  your  Honor. 

The  Court :  I  believe  I  will  sustain  that 
objection. 

Mr.  Ritter:     And  I  will  take  an  exception. 

Ihe  Court:  Enter  an  exception  for  the 
counsel  for  the  defendant, 

76 


Pag- 04 
Mr.  Reporter.   Proceed  with  the  examination. 

Mr.  Ritter  :  Q.  Who  was  present  at  this 
conversation  that  you  have  given  us  ? 

Mr.  Peck :  I  object  to  that.  It  is  im- 
material; 

The  Court :      I  will  hear  the  testimony. 

Mr.  Peck  :     I  will  take  an  exception. 

The  Witness  :  A.  I  do  not  know  whether 
there  was  anybody  else  there  or  not. 

Mr.  Ritter  :  Q.  Can't  you  recollect  whether 
there  was  or  not  ?  A.  No,  sir  ;  I  can't  recollect 
whether  there  was  or  not. 

Q;  If  there  had  been  anybody  else  there  do 
3'ou  think  you  would  have  remembered  it  ?  A. 
I  do  not  know  whether  I  would  or  not ;  I  might 
and  I  might  not. 

Q.  You  might  and  you  might  not  ?  A.  I 
might  and  I  might  not. 

Q.  You  might  and  you  might  not  ?  A.  I 
might  and  I  might  not. 

Q.  Have  you  a  pretty  fair  memory,  Mr. 
Witness?  A.  I  think  I  have  a  pretty  fair 
memory  ;  nothing  extraordinary,  however. 

Q.  Then  there  may  have  been  somebody 
else  there  ?     A.     There  may  have  been. 

Page  65. 

Q.  And  you  not  recollect  it  ?  A.  It  is 
possible. 

Q.  Now,  I  wish  you  would  refresh  your 
recollection  and  tell  me  whether  there  was  any- 
body else  there  or  not.     A.      I  do  not  know  how 

17 


I  am  to  refresh  my  recollection  on  the  matter.  I 
simply  say,  I  do  not  know  whether  there  was 
anybody  else  there  or  not. 

Q.  What  time  of  day  was  this  celebrated 
conversation?     A.     Nine  or  ten  o'clock. 

Q.  In  the  morning  or  evening?  A.  In  the 
morning. 

Q.  You  say  it  was  on  Sunday?  A.  No;  I 
did  not  say  it  was  on  Sunday. 

Q.  Tuesday,  was  it?  A.  No,  sir.  It  was 
on  Wednesday,  as  I  recollect  it. 

Q.  You  are  very  positive  it  was  on  Wed- 
nesday. A.  I  am  very  positive  it  was  on 
Wednesday. 

Q.  What  makes  3'ou  positive?  A.  Because 
I  recollected  it. 

Q.  You  know  it  was  on  Wednesday?  A. 
Yes,  sir  ;   I  know  it  was  on  Wedneseay. 

Q.     Not  on  Tuesday?    A.    Not  on  Tuesday. 

Q.  It  could  not  be  any  other  day?  A.  It 
could  not. 


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